Vocabulary

【pro】           prolific 多產的

many/much     proliferation 增生

                       proponent

Euripides is reported as a prolific writer, he is told to have many works at his time.

【ob/op】     obstacle

  against       opposite

                    opponent

   

上課重點

1 the golden fleece (ram)

Story: http://platos-academy.com/jason-and-the-golden-fleece/

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece

In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Greekχρυσόμαλλον δέρας chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold-hair winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.

Jason and the golden fleece

jason_and_the_golden_fleece  

2 Argo (ship)

other information: http://www.argonauts-book.com/the-argo.html

The Argo was the divinely-inspired ship said to have been built by Argus with the aid of the goddess Athena and to have carried Jason and his crew from Thessaly to Colchis and back again.

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo

In Greek mythologyArgo (/ˈɑrɡ/; in Greek: Ἀργώ, meaning 'swift') was the ship on which  Jason and the Argonauts sailed from Iolcos to retrieve the Golden Fleece. She was named after her builder, Argus.

konstantinos-volanakis-the-argo-2nd-half-19th-c-e1277261600854 

3 Pluto = Hades  ( The ancient Greek god of the underworld )

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades

Hades with Cerberus

220px-Hades-et-Cerberus-III  

Cerberus 地獄犬 (Harry Potter 1 那隻三頭看門狗XD)

 

4 pallas = Athena

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena

Athena (/əˈθnə/Attic GreekἈθηνᾶAthēnā, or ἈθηναίαAthēnaiaEpicἈθηναίηAthēnaiēDoricἈθάναAthānā) or Athene(/əˈθn/IonicἈθήνηAthēnē), often given the epithet Pallas (/ˈpæləs/Παλλὰς), is the goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, strategic war, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill in ancient Greek religion andmythologyMinerva is the Roman goddess identified with Athena.

 

5 Athena

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena

在奧維德的《變形記》中雅典娜在自己的紡織圖中給自己畫出非常明顯的形象:「頭戴頭盔,左手持盾,右手持尖頭矛,身披羊皮胸甲,矛尖往地一插,冒出一株深綠色的油橄欖樹。」滿頭金髮,一雙灰色的瞳孔,人稱灰眸女神(Γλαυκώπις),荷馬史詩則稱她為「藍眼睛的雅典娜」和「目光炯炯的雅典娜」,此類稱呼和圖騰崇拜有關。在雅典娜胸口時常佩戴的胸甲稱為Αἰγίς,上面鑲有戈耳工(蛇髮女妖)的頭顱,原為宙斯所有。聖鳥原本為烏鴉,後來變為鴞(γλαύξ)(貓頭鷹

原是 raven → owl 象徵智慧

Athena_Varvakeion_-_MANA_-_Fidias 

6 Asclepius (God of healing/medicine)

wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius

GSPLEPAR01_400  

Python→ relate to medical science  venom 可解毒

希臘藥店

541938_585308954820416_610129210_n  

pharmacy  

陽明醫學院

th  

 

The Raven ------- edgar allan poe

Youtube 朗誦版: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcqPQXqQXzI#t=91 

1 詩裡不斷出現的 "nevermore'' 另有模仿烏鴉叫聲之義

2 the raven tomb

 

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
''Tis some visitor,' I muttered, 'tapping at my chamber door-
Only this, and nothing more.'

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for the lost Lenore-
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-
Nameless here for evermore.

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,
''Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door-
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;-
This it is, and nothing more.'

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
'Sir,' said I, 'or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you'- here I opened wide the door;-
Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering,
fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, 'Lenore!'
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, 'Lenore!'-
Merely this, and nothing more.

Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,
Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
'Surely,' said I, 'surely that is something at my window lattice:
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore-
Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;-
'Tis the wind and nothing more.'

Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and
flutter,
In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;
Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed
he;
But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door-
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door-
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore.
'Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, 'art sure no
craven,
Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore-
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!'
Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning- little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blest with seeing bird above his chamber door-
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
With such name as 'Nevermore.'

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
Nothing further then he uttered- not a feather then he fluttered-
Till I scarcely more than muttered, 'other friends have flown
before-
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'
Then the bird said, 'Nevermore.'

Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
'Doubtless,' said I, 'what it utters is its only stock and store,
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore-
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of 'Never- nevermore'.'

But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and
door;
Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore
Meant in croaking 'Nevermore.'

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er,
But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er,
She shall press, ah, nevermore!

Then methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer
Swung by Seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.
'Wretch,' I cried, 'thy God hath lent thee- by these angels he
hath sent thee
Respite- respite and nepenthe, from thy memories of Lenore!
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!'
Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Prophet!' said I, 'thing of evil!- prophet still, if bird or
devil!-
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted-
On this home by horror haunted- tell me truly, I implore-
Is there- is there balm in Gilead?- tell me- tell me, I implore!'
Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Prophet!' said I, 'thing of evil- prophet still, if bird or
devil!
By that Heaven that bends above us- by that God we both adore-
Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,
It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore-
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.'
Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Be that word our sign in parting, bird or fiend,' I shrieked,
upstarting-
'Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!
Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!
Leave my loneliness unbroken!- quit the bust above my door!
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my
door!'
Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the
floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted- nevermore! 

 

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