上課重點
1 【mag】 magnificent
large magnify
magnitude
【de】 decline
down deposit
awayfrom determine
【att】 attach
黏著 attract
2 on par with = on the side of
3 Joseph Campbell → The Hero's Journey 英雄的旅途
Joseph Campbell wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell
Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work is vast, covering many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often summarized by his phrase: "Follow your bliss."
The Hero's Journey wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomyth
Campbell is perhaps best known for his work on the "hero's journey," found in so many pieces of literature and legend. This cycle of heroic adventure is the basis for a number of classic stories. The hero's journey, or monomyth, is summarized by Campbell in his book. The Hero With a Thousand Faces. He says, "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man." The hero's journey includes a series of standard features, typically found in legends and myth of all cultures.
Reference:
http://www.exohuman.com/wordpress/2013/12/joseph-campbell-the-heros-journey/
The Stages of the Hero’s Journey
1. BIRTH: Fabulous circumstances surrounding conception, birth, and childhood establish the hero’s pedigree, and often constitute their own monomyth cycle.
2. CALL TO ADVENTURE: The hero is called to adventure by some external event or messenger. The Hero may accept the call willingly or reluctantly.
3. HELPERS/AMULET: During the early stages of the journey, the hero will often receive aid from a protective figure. This supernatural helper can take a wide variety of forms, such as a wizard, and old man, a dwarf, a crone, or a fairy godmother. The helper commonly gives the hero a protective amulet or weapon for the journey.
4. CROSSING the THRESHOLD: Upon reaching the threshold of adventure, the hero must undergo some sort of ordeal in order to pass from the everyday world into the world of adventure. This trial may be as painless as entering a dark cave or as violent as being swallowed up by a whale. The important feature is the contrast between the familiar world of light and the dark, unknown world of adventure.
5. TESTS: The hero travels through the dream-like world of adventure where he must undergo a series of tests. These trials are often violent encounters with monsters, sorcerers, warriors, or forces of nature. Each successful test further proves the hero’s ability and advances the journey toward its climax.
6. HELPERS: The hero is often accompanied on the journey by a helper who assists in the series of tests and generally serves as a loyal companion. Alternately, the hero may encounter a supernatural helper in the world of adventure who fulfills this function.
7. CLIMAX/FINAL BATTLE: This is the critical moment in the hero’s journey in which there is often a final battle with a monster, wizard, or warrior which facilitates the particular resolution of the adventure.
8. FLIGHT: After accomplishing the mission, the hero must return to the threshold of adventure and prepare for a return to the everyday world. If the hero has angered the opposing forces by stealing the elixir or killing a powerful monster, the return may take the form of a hasty flight. If the hero has been given the elixir freely, the flight may be a benign stage of the journey.
9. RETURN: The hero again crosses the threshold of adventure and returns to the everyday world of daylight. The return usually takes the form of an awakening, rebirth, resurrection, or a simple emergence from a cave or forest. Sometimes the hero is pulled out of the adventure world by a force from the daylight world.
10. ELIXIR: The object, knowledge, or blessing that the hero acquired during the adventure is now put to use in the everyday world. Often it has a restorative or healing function, but it also serves to define the hero’s role in the society.
11. HOME: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.
4 dramatic irony
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony#Dramatic_irony
This type of irony is the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters.
ex: In Oedipus the King, the audience knows that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.
5 fatal woman ex: Helen
→ femme fatale: is a stock character
6 destimation / destiny → 有選擇性的
fate → 不可選擇
7 movie: Fatal Attraction 致命的吸引力
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Attraction
YouTube movie trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5szFb_R378w
影評: http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/isabellew/post/1320844448
8 Agamemnon
Summary: http://www.gradesaver.com/agamemnon/study-guide/summary
Characters List: http://www.gradesaver.com/agamemnon/study-guide/character-list
SparkNotes: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/agamemnon/
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresteia#Agamemnon
The play Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων, Agamemnōn) details the homecoming of Agamemnon, King of Argos, from the Trojan War. Waiting at home for him is his wife, Clytemnestra, who has been planning his murder, partly as revenge for the sacrifice of their daughter, Iphigenia, and partly because in the ten years of Agamemnon's absence Clytemnestra has entered into an adulterous relationship with Aegisthus, Agamemnon's cousin and the sole survivor of a dispossessed branch of the family (Agamemnon's father, Atreus, killed and fed Aegisthus's brothers to Aegisthus's father, Thyestes, when he took power from him), who is determined to regain the throne he believes should rightfully belong to him.
9 Altar 祭壇 / p.606
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar
An altar is any structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes. Altars are usually found at shrines, and they can be located in temples, churches and other places of worship. Today they are used particularly in Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto, Taoism, as well as in Neopaganism and Ceremonial Magic. Judaism used such a structure until the destruction of the Second Temple. Many historical faiths also made use of them, including Greek and Norse religion.
10 orchestra 樂隊 / p.606
The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus.
11 tragic flow = Hamartia
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartia
Tragic Flaw (悲劇性缺失) 叫作 Hamartia,希臘古典文學中的悲劇性人物性格
例: Oeipus錯殺他父親
著名的伊底帕斯雖具有完美的丈夫、孝順的兒子、無人匹敵的政治家...種種優點，但他終究有一項缺點：「驕傲」！因為這個緣故他登上榮耀的顛峰，但也因此被擊垮，隨著他的原為母親的太太上吊死亡，他自己則挖出自己的雙眼，直到大災難過後，新的平衡才又被建構起來（頁55-56）。波瓦想藉此說明悲劇性弱點與完美的社會風氣相遇時，違反者的命運就是悲劇！這個戲劇暗示就是一種壓制，而這當然是具有「政治性」的戲劇效果。
Examples of hamartia in literature
12 Catharsis 淨化作用
源自宗教用語,意思是淨罪,出自西元前7至8世紀從色雷斯傳入希臘的奧爾弗斯教,意指靈魂從肉體的禁錮中的解脫,在文學上指讀者需要從悲劇中尋求淨化.
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis
Catharsis (from the Greek κάθαρσις katharsis meaning "purification" or "cleansing") is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator.
other information: http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/kaviavh3849/post/1312379811
tragic hero → pity/fear → Catharsis 淨化作用
13 hubris 傲慢
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris
Hubris (/ˈhjuːbrɪs/, also hybris, from ancient Greek ὕβρις) means extreme pride or self-confidence. When it offends the Gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. The adjectival form of the noun hubris is "hubristic".
Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.
14 Oedipus
Agamemnon / Oedipus → swollen ancle
The story of Oedipus:
http://www.northandoverpublicschools.com/faculty/DowneyM/OedipusRexSG.pdf
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
Oedipus (US /ˈɛdɨpəs/ or UK /ˈiːdɨpəs/; Ancient Greek: Οἰδίπους Oidípous meaning "swollen foot") was a mythical Greek king ofThebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled the prophecy, despite his efforts not to, that he would kill his father and marry his mother, and thereby bring disaster on his city and his family. When the truth is discovered, his wife hanged herself, and Oedipus gouged out his own eyes. They had four children together. The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles's tragedy Oedipus the King, which was followed by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Together, these plays make up Sophocles's three Theban plays. Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama: the flawed nature of humanity and an individual's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe.
15 Corinth
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth
other information: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/greece/corinth
Corinth (Greek Κορινθία) is an ancient city about 48 miles west of Athens on the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnese to the mainland of Greece. Corinth was an important city in ancient Greece and it played a major role in the missionary work of the Aoostle Paul. Today, Corinth is the second largest city in the Peloponnese with several sites of interest to pilgrims and tourists.
The First Oracle
Laius, ruler of Thebes is told in an oracle that his son
will kill him. With agreement of his wife, Jocasta,
the baby's feet are pinioned and he’s given to a slave
to be "exposed" on nearby Mt. Cithaeron, (haunt of
wolves and other wild beasts). The slave, a shepherd
of Laius' flocks, takes pity on the baby, and instead of
leaving him to die, gives the boy to a fellow-shepherd
from Corinth, the other side of the mountain. The
Corinthian shepherd presents the baby to the
childless King of Corinth, Polybus, who brings him
up as his own, presumably giving him the name
"Oedipus" (Swollen Foot) because of his deformity.
16 three roads meet 三岔路
The Second Oracle
Eighteen years (or so) later, someone at a party calls
the young Oedipus a bastard - and the insult rankles.
He leaves Corinth for Delphi, to confirm his
parentage at the oracle of Apollo. The oracle,
however, gives him instead a horrific prediction: he
will kill his father and sleep with his mother. In case
the oracle could conceivably come true accidentally,
he sets off in the opposite direction to Corinth, and
heads towards Thebes. As he descends from Mt
Parnassus towards the foothills, he meets an old man
driving a wagon with a retinue of slaves at a place
where three roads meet. The man is rude and
aggressive, and orders him off the road. Oedipus
refuses to budge and the man lashes out with his
goad (pointed rod). Oedipus (an early instance of
"road rage"?) sees red, and kills the man and - as he
thinks - all the guards. He continues to Thebes.
17 Sphine riddle
Thebes is terrorized by a monster - the Sphinx (a
hybrid creature, with the body of a lioness, the head
of a woman, and wings), who destroys all who cannot
solve her riddle. Sophocles doesn't go into any detail
about this riddle - other writers tell us it was "Which
animal has one voice, but two, three or four feet
being slowest on three?” Perhaps, Oedipus, as a man
with three feet thanks to his disability was uniquely
well placed to answer it: "Man". Oedipus' staff will be
crutch, murder weapon and blind man's stick before
the play is over. Thebes welcomes her savior and
offers him the vacant job of ruler, and the hand of
Laius' widow, Jocasta, as an extra reward.
18 Jocusta (queen of Thebes)
Oedipus's mother
19 Oedipus complex 戀母情結
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_complex
The term Oedipus comples (or, less commonly, Oedipal complex) denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in theunconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex (i.e. males attracted to their mothers, and females attracted to their fathers).
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