Class Notes
1. today's topic
check and discuss the answer of quiz - drama (Norton)
2. difinition
(1) response paper
1. identify the hyposyes
2. three supporting paragraph
3. summary the hyposesy
(2) Freytag pyramid
exposition → rising action → climax → falling action → denouement / resolution / conclusion
# denouement: resolution/conclution
# major conflict in Illiad → Archillies's rage
(2) crucial moment 關鍵時刻
At the center of a drama is usually a character or characters who are in conflict at a crucial moment in their lives.
the audience sits around three sides of the acting area
# a proscenium stage
# an amphitheater 露天劇場
# an arena stage
(4) Classical unities → : action, place, time
The classical unities, Aristotelian unities, or three unities are rules for drama derived from a passage in Aristotle's Poetics.
# unity of action
a play should have one action that it follows, with minimal subplots.
# unity of place
a play should exist in a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
# unity of time
a limitation on the play’s action to a short span of time, usually no more than a day.
(5) plot time
Plot time is the time period in which the characters in a play live and act.
(6) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River.
(7) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel by Mark Twain. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry "Huck" Finn, a friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels (Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective). It is a direct sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
→ I'd been there before (the last chapter)
But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before.
(8) closet drama → drama never intended for the stage.
A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group. A related form, the "closet screenplay," developed during the 20th century. "Although the term sometimes carries a negative connotation, implying that such works either lack sufficient theatrical qualities to warrant staging or require theatrical effects beyond the capacity of most (if not all) theaters, closet dramas through the ages have had a variety of dramatic features and purposes not tied to successful stage performance."
ex: John Milton --- Samson Agonistes (大力士)
Delilas (temptress) → cut her hair (seven locks of hair) → 美人計勾引 Samson
(9) Goldilocks and the Three Bears → locks 捲
"The Story of the Three Bears" is a fairy tale with two variants. The original tale has three bachelor bears living in a house in the forest, and a dirty old woman as the story's antagonist. The first variant is an adaptation introducing Goldilocks to the story as the antagonist. The second variant has the three bachelor bears transformed into Papa, Mama and Baby Bear. Both the little girl and the Bear family have remained in the tale through various editions over the years. The tale is best known to modern audiences as "Goldilocks and the Three Bears".
(10) dithyramb 山羊之歌
The dithyramb was an ancient Greek hymn sung and danced in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility; the term was also used as an epithet of the god: Plato, in The Laws, while discussing various kinds of music mentions "the birth of Dionysos, called, I think, the dithyramb." Plato also remarks in the Republic that dithyrambs are the clearest example of poetry in which the poet is the only speaker.
(11) Dionysus (半羊半神) (Bacchae)
Dionysus 跳進來 with chorus
(11) foil → a character that serves as a contrast to another.
In fiction, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character. In some cases, a subplot can be used as a foil to the main plot. This is especially true in the case of metafiction and the "story within a story" motif. The word foil comes from the old practice of backing gems with foil in order to make them shine more brightly.
(12) motif
motif is a recurrent device, formula, or situation within a literary work. For example, the sound of the breaking harp string is a motif of Anton Chekhov’s play The Cherry Orchard.
(13) symbol
a person, place, thing, or event that figuratively represents or stands for something else. Often the thing or idea represented is more abstract and general, and the symbol is more concrete and particular. A traditional symbol is one that recurs frequently in (and beyond) literature and is thus immediately recognizable to those who belong to a given culture. In Western literature and culture, for example, the rose and snake traditionally symbolize love and evil, respectively. Other symbols such as the scarlet letter in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter instead accrue their complex meanings only within a particular literary work; these are sometimes called invented symbols.
(14) theme
(1) broadly and commonly, a topic explored in a literary work (e.g., "the value of all life"); (2) more narrowly, the insight about a topic communicated in a work (e.g., "All living things are equally precious"). Most literary works have multiple themes, though some people reserve the term theme for the central or main insight and refer to others as subthemes. Usually, a theme is implicitly communicated by the work as a whole rather than explicitly stated in it, though fables are an exception.
→ The theme of a play is inferred by the viewer from the action.
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